There have been some past trials where they filled up a 12 inch barrel section with black powder screwed in a second breech plug and lit a fuse on the flash hole. The barrel sections didn't blow up.
Iraqi Veteran (yutube) did try to blow up a few CVA muzzle loaders using smokeless powder but it didn't blow the guns up like you would think it would do. They basically used a smokeless powder load like a black powder load, simulating a user trying to use a black powder load by mistake or stupidity. They had to really overload the heck out of them to blow them up.