B-52 turns 60

[fishhawk]

The B-52 turns 60 years old this week end here's 24 photos of the big bird! http://www.cnet.com/pictures/the-b-52-bomber-turns-60-photos/?ftag=ACQf1069b9

[Freightman]

Cool! work horse amazing air craft.

[Echo]

I saw the first Buff land @ U-Tapao AB, Thailand, in late 1966 - along with about 50 news cameras lining the runway! It was light, having flown a mission from Guam, so it was in the extreme nose-down posture such requires. When I left in July '67, there were 70 D-models there...

[lbaize3]

In 1967, sitting about 1000 yards off the coast of Vietnam there was a thundering rumble that shook the Swift boat I was on. We could see a series of flashes and smoke inland, maybe as far as 10 miles away. We never heard the B52s that dropped the bombs but we would pick them out with our binoculars, way, way up in the sky. If we could feel the vibration of the bombs nearly 10 miles away, I never wanted to be any closer. However I did observe their strikes numerous times in 1968 while the Tet Offensive was going on.

[Dale in Louisiana]

It wouldn't take much finagling for a young airman today to be the THIRD generation to work on B-52's.

That's not gonna be the same exact models, of course. These thing have been upgraded seven ways to Sunday.

dale in Louisiana

[Blacksmith]

I worked on BUFF's a long time ago and take pride that some I helped maintain are probably still flying. A truly awesome airplane if you ever get a chance to see one up close you will be impressed.

[Artful]

http://www.stratofortress.org/history.htm


THE STORY OF THE BOEING B-52 STRATOFORTRESS
The Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, in service today, almost sixty years after its first test flight, is one of the most versatile and successful aircraft ever designed.

Originally conceived as a replacement for the Convair B-36, with a long-range, high altitude, free-fall nuclear delivery mission, it has adapted over the years to changing technological and political conditions, assuming a wide variety of tasks and requiring tactics unforeseen by the engineers and airmen responsible for its design and procurement in the late 1940s.

Today, it is still flying and fighting, and will probably do so until 2040 or longer. One saying that is popular with today's aircrews is: "The last B-52 pilot hasn't been born!"


INITIAL DESIGN

The requirement for a heavy bomber with intercontinental range dates back to the darkest days of World War Two, when it was feared that England might fall and the bases it provided be lost, necessitating a transatlantic continuation of the war against Hitler.
By the time it entered service, however, technology—especially the emergence of jet fighters—had already
dictated its early obsolescence, and the requirement for its replacement had already been stated in early 1946, calling for an unrefueled range of 8000 miles with a 10,000 lb bomb load and a top speed of 450 mph.

A preliminary design contract was awarded to the Boeing Company that year. Boeing had earned an impressive reputation and considerable expertise in the heavy bomber field with its highly successful B-17s and B-29s.

Initially, both Boeing and the Air Force envisioned this second generation intercontinental bomber as a turboprop, since pure jet development had not yet produced an engine powerful enough, and because the turboprop was more fuel efficient, translating into greater range. The company was, in fact, working on a jet-powered medium bomber—the B-47—but its smaller size and expected performance did not satisfy the new requirement.

The design with which Boeing won this new contract was a conventional one, essentially a B-29 scaled up to B-36 size with straight wings and six turboprop engines.

By the Fall of 1948, a number of refinements to this original design had been made, but the projected performance was still not much better than that of the improved B-36 it was to replace.

Then, several events changed the course of its development.


The company responsible for the engine intended for the aircraft had encountered difficulties in its development, causing the program to fall behind.
Concurrently, the Pratt and Whitney Company was making unexpected progress with a new jet engine, the J-57, with 10,000 lbs of thrust, a significant advance.
Finally, the potential of in-flight refueling was greatly increased with the development of the “flying boom” by Boeing. This rendered the fuel savings of the turboprop less critical.


During a visit by senior Boeing officials to Wright-Patterson AFB to review progress, the Air Force chief of bomber development asked the Boeing team to look at the possibility of substituting pure jet power.

This was on Thursday, 21 October 1948. By coincidence, the Boeing staff present that weekend included just the right combination of skills and knowledge to respond to this opportunity.

Closeting themselves in a Dayton hotel room, with an open line back to the engineering staff and analysts in Seattle, they hammered out a new design which was surprisingly like the prototype which was to roll out of the factory some three years later.

This was submitted to the Air Force on Monday, and the B-52 as it flies today was truly born.
Equally responsible for the dramatic change in direction of the B-52 design was the unexpected success Boeing was having with the independent development of the B-47 medium bomber.
The B- 47 had used essentially off-the-shelf technology in a radical design which incorporated two World War Two innovations:


the jet engine and
the swept wing.

Flight testing going on at that time was revealing accomplishments beyond all expectations in reducing drag. The confidence instilled by this success encouraged Boeing engineers to push the technology envelope with the B-52.

One lesson learned was that the thin wing used on the B-47 for stability at transonic speeds was not essential, allowing the new design to include a tapered wing—thick and wide at the root, thin and flexible further out—and a greatly enlarged wing area.

This, combined with major weight savings throughout, resulted in a very high lift over drag ratio, the major factor in the continuing growth potential of the aircraft.

DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION

The first B-52, the XB-52, rolled out on 29 November 1951, and the first flight, by the second aircraft built, was on 15 April 1952.
The initial production aircraft, the B-52A, was delivered to the Air Force a little over two years later, in June 1954,

The first operational model, the B-52B—built in both bomber and reconnaissance versions — entered the Air Force operational inventory on 29 June 1955, when 52-8711 was delivered to the 93rd Bomb Wing at Castle AFB, California.
While the B-52B was still in production, a follow-on version, the B-52C, made its first flight on 9 March 1956, with delivery to the Air Force some three months later.
The D-model was the core of the Strategic Air Command (SAC) fleet for a number of years in the late ‘50s and later carried the burden of the conventional bombing campaign in Southeast Asia.

The second generation had begun with a Boeing proposal in the Spring of 1956, initiating a program to capitalize on the proven soundness and growth possibilities of the B-52 design. In many ways, what was envisioned was a new airplane, incorporating the basic airframe structure, but with new concepts, materials, and systems.

The result was to be increased range, improved defenses, lower empty weight, and a decreased maintenance requirement, The B-52G made its first flight on 31 August 1958. A total of 193 were built, the largest number of any model of the B-52.
The B-52Gs were withdrawn from service in the early 1990s, with the last one being delivered to the salvage yard in Arizona on 5 May 1994.

The final version of the Stratofortress, the B-52H, first flew on 6 March 1961, and was produced until June 1962, when the 102nd was completed, the newest of the 742 B-52s built.

The primary, and obvious, changes in the H-model were:


the adoption of the Pratt and Whitney TF-33 fanjet engine to replace the J-57 which had been used on every earlier B-52, and
the replacement of the four machine guns in the tail by a six-barrel, 20 mm M61 (T-171 model) Vulcan Gatling gun.
In addition, advanced avionics were incorporated to permit lower, more precise terrain-hugging penetration of defenses and target acquisition.


Over its long operational life, the B-52 has undergone an extensive series of retrofits and modernizations. As its role changed from high altitude bomber to low level penetrator, the additional stress of prolonged flight in turbulent air required a number of structural modifications to strengthen the airframe.

EMPLOYMENT

The B-52 was initially fielded as a long-range nuclear bomber, and that was its primary role from 1955 to 1991. Tactics have changed from high altitude to low altitude penetration to standoff attack, and the aircraft’s inherent flexibility has enabled it to meet these changing demands.

Although never called upon to execute this nuclear mission, its capability and destructive potential are recognized as the key elements in the Western Alliance’s success in waging the Cold War.

For several generations of aircrew, the physical demands of extended training missions in its cramped confines under all flight conditions, alternating with the stress and boredom of 15-minute response ground alert, involving as high as 50 percent of the force at all times, was a way of life.

Beginning in 1958, SAC practiced an airborne alert concept which kept some B-52s, fully loaded with weapons, in the air at all times on flights as long as 26 hours, supported by multiple aerial refuelings.

The tactic ensured the survival of a retaliatory force regardless of the degree of surprise achieved by an enemy attack. A month-long, intensified airborne alert during the Cuban missile crisis in 1962 was the significant factor in preventing its escalation into a U.S.-Soviet confrontation. Armed airborne alert flights were terminated in 1968.
On June 18, 1965, the B-52 dropped its first bomb in anger when a force of 27 B-52Fs struck an enemy stronghold known as the Iron Triangle in South Vietnam. This began the eight-year-long Arclight operation in support of the war in Southeast Asia. Cambodia on August 15, 1973, 126,615 B-52 sorties were flown from Guam and Thailand.

The majority of these were against targets in South Vietnam and employed carpet bombing by, typically, two three-ship cells releasing together, saturating an area a mile and a half long long and a half mile wide with more than 80 tons of high explosive bombs.

During 1966, the B-52Ds received the “Big Belly” modification which provided for denser loading of the bomb bay, increasing the internal weapon load from 27 to 84 500 lb bombs. With the 24 carried on wing pylons, this gave it a total capacity of 108, or 54,000 pounds.

The Vietnam War culminated with the so-called Eleven-Day War, or Linebacker II, a concentrated bombing campaign against military targets in the Haiphong-Hanoi area of North Vietnam, from December 18-29, 1972. A force of B-52Ds and Gs flow a total of 729 sorties against 24 target complexes delivering 15,000 tons of bombs. Fifteen B-52s were shot down by surface-to-air missiles, and B-52 gunners were credited with two MiGs destroyed and three more claimed, but not confirmed.
.
The last B-52 strike in South Vietnam was on 28 January 1973, though operations continued over Laos and then Cambodia for another seven months.

Throughout the Vietnam/Southeast Asia conflict, the Cold War continued. While their sister ships flew hot missions in Asia, other BUFs—mostly Gs and Hs—continued their deterrent nuclear alert. And this continued through the ‘80s as the aircraft and their weapons were modernized to keep pace with advancing technology.

On 27 September 1991, the B-52 bomber force stood down from nuclear alert. Ever since its first use in a conventional delivery capacity early in the Vietnam War, however, this potential in the B-52 had been increasingly explored and developed.

It wasn’t long after the end of the prolonged confrontation with the Soviet Union that it would be employed again. In August of 1990, less than a year after the wall came down in Germany, Iraq invaded its neighbor, Kuwait.
After a period of build up by U.S. led Coalition forces, including the deployment of twenty B-52Gs to Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean, and repeated demands for Iraqi withdrawal, hostilities to restore the independence of Kuwait were initiated on the night of 17 January 1991.

Seven B-52s took off from Barksdale AFB armed with conventional warhead air launched cruise missiles (CALCM), flew to the Middle East, launched their weapons against command and control facilities in Baghdad, and returned to their home base.

During the war that followed, Desert Storm, B-52s operating from Diego Garcia, RAF Fairford in England, Moron AB in Spain, and Jeddah AB in Saudi Arabia flew 1741 sorties, delivering more than 27,000 tons of bombs.

Seventy-four out of the 90 G-models active at the time participated, attacking strategic targets, SCUD missile sites, and enemy infantry/armor formations. They were also given a new mission: “breaching operations,” in which their string of concentrated high explosive bombs were used to blast passages through the minefields through which attacking Coalition forces had to pass.

At home, the modernization program described above continued, as well as a drawdown of Cold War forces. The Strategic Air Command was inactivated in June 1992, with the B-52s transferred to the new Combat Air Command. In May, as noted above, the Gs were gone from the force, and in November, the last Stratofortress departed from KI Sawyer AFB, leaving only two B-52 fields open, Barksdale in Louisiana and Minot in North Dakota.

Following the First Persian Gulf War, the USAF retained a presence in the Middle East and on Diego Garcia. The principle mission was:


to compel Iraq to comply with UN Security Council Resolution 687, which called for UN inspections of Iraqi weapons-making potential, and
to prevent a threatening Iraqi military buildup in the southern and northern areas of their territory.


B-52s were called into action again in 1996 when two B-52Hs flying from Guam launched 13 CALCMs against the Iraqi air defense network. This was the first employment of the H-model in combat.

Meanwhile, in the adjustments to the breakup of the Soviet Bloc, another hot spot was created in the Balkans. In the former Yugoslavia, old ethnic divisions were resurfacing. In order to retain control of Kosovo, the Serbs were applying increasing force to suppress the Albanian and Moslem majorities in the province.

In early 1998, full scale fighting began, and the UN intervened, arranging a cease fire and “safe havens.” Violence continued, however, and a peace conference aimed at a permanent solution broke up on 19 March 1999.

In response, NATO set in motion Operation Allied Force (Noble Anvil was the American component action) on 24 March. In preparation, eight B-52Hs had arrived at RAF Fairford on 21/22 February. On the morning of 24 March, hostilities were commenced with the launch of eight BUFs from Fairford (including two spares) to strike the Serb armed forces in Kosovo with CALCMs.

As the war progressed, B-52 operations switched from missile launches to conventional freefall bombs. Heavy B-52 raids continued until the signing of a peace agreement on 9 June.

The War on Terrorism, which had been building up for two decades, was launched suddenly on the morning of 11 September 2001 with the destruction of the Trade Center and the attack on the Pentagon. Once again, the B-52 was in the vanguard of America’s response.

Operation Enduring Freedom was begun on 7 October to destroy al-Qaeda bases in Afghanistan and to bring down the oppressive Taliban regime which harbored them.

In the first day’s strike, B-52s were employed along with B-1s and B-2s, carrier based air, and ship launched Tomahawk missiles. In the following months, which would stretch into years, B-52s based on Diego Garcia struck known Taliban positions and targets of opportunity, and carried out close air support and propaganda leaflet drops.

Further west, the confrontation with the Iraqi government over disarmament and weapons inspections continued. Finally, there was a United Nations coalition decision to invade the country and replace the regime. Hostilities commenced during the night of 21 March 2003, when more than 1000 air strikes were carried out within the first few hours.

The B-52 was again a major contributor to the “shock and awe” punch. During the 28 days of the air war leading to the fall of Baghdad, 28 B-52s took part, taking off from Fairford and Diego Garcia to deliver CALCMs, conventional bombs, precision guided bombs (including the first combat release of a laser guided bomb using the Litening Pod), and leaflets.
As combat operations are prolonged in both Afghanistan and Iraq, the B-52 continues to play its part, largely by providing close air support to troops in contact, with the GPS guided GBU-31/32 Joint Direct Attack Munition as the weapon of choice. The BUF presently carries 12.

Most recently the B-52 has been called on once again to signal US determination and readiness. In the light of increased Chinese and North Korean military posturing, Stratoforts have returned to their old Vietnam base of operations, Andersen AFB on Guam, as part of a continuous deployed bomber presence forward in the Pacific.

After more than fifty years of hot and cold war service, the Boeing B-52 remains one of the most versatile, lethal, and feared weapons in the US’s Global Power arsenal.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7mvKQPHbqQY

[Echo]

Super video - Thanks, Art...

[willie_pete]

Here's an elephant walk (MITO) for those that have never seen one. I saw a few up close and personal. Very impressive.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJ7niLYSVFo

wp

[Artful]

Impressive - I've seen Interceptor Alert take-off's but never B-52's they could teach the Airlines a thing or two about getting on the road.

And next year 60 years for KC-135's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMsqYYzbj0U

The men and women who keep the buff going the distance.

[JeffinNZ]

60 years in service. Amazing.

[Skipper]

60 years in service. Amazing.

The word is, that when the last B-2 is flown to the scrapyard, the crew will be ferried home on a B-52.

[willie_pete]

The word is, that when the last B-2 is flown to the scrapyard, the crew will be ferried home on a B-52.

:grin:

wp

[pjames32]

Great history. Thx Art for the Wings video. This brings back memories to me as an Iowa kid in the 50's. Dad would take us boys a couple times a year to Omaha to the Offutt (SAC) base. We would sit in the observation tower for hours watching take-offs and landings, first with the B-36's, later the B-47' & B-52's. for a young kid it was pretty cool. Later in the 80's I watched a B-52 on low level training over lake Powell in Utah. More recently I was able to watch a B-1 on low level training over Largo Canyon in NW New Mexico while on an elk hunt.
PJ

[Walla2]

Thanks for the video. Magnificent

[PULSARNC]

I am fortunate enough to live next to SeymoreJohnson AFB which for many years was home to SAC. Air command have seen the buffs take off and land many times

[Blacksmith]

I am fortunate enough to live next to SeymoreJohnson AFB which for many years was home to SAC. Air command have seen the buffs take off and land many times

I was stationed at Seymore Johnson in NC, that's where I worked on B-52's. You arn't worried about the atomic bomb they lost and never recovered are you?

If you were there when it was active did you ever fly commercial from Goldsboro? They used one end of the runway for commercial flights and would leave one engine running on the plane because they had no ground equipment except for a recycled bread truck they would use to drive passengers from the Mobile Home Terminal out to the waiting plane. The good old days.

[TXGunNut]

Awesome video, Artful. I spent a bit of time in Ft Worth towards the end of the Cold War and from time to time I would stop to watch those big birds take off. In the summertime I swear it looked like they were flapping their wings to get off the ground.
My shooting buddy was a B52 pilot in Viet Nam. He doesn't talk about it much but we're going to the range tomorrow. I suspect some of the planes he flew are still in service almost 50 years after he flew them. Amazing.

[woodbutcher]

Hi Artful.Remember those days well(cold war and the Cuban crisis).Grew up just 60 miles South of Cape Kennedy at Vero Beach.Exciting and worrisome times.Also,Homestead AFB just about 120 miles South of us.Then there were the Key West military bases.Then over at Orlando was the Navy training center,and just for good measure,Jacksonville NAS and MacDill AFB in Tampa.Along with Eglin AFB on the NW coast of Fl.Oh yeah,prime targets all.
Good luck.Have fun.Be safe.
Leo

[willie_pete]

And McCoy AFB @ Orlando had B-52's. I watched one crash on Cape Canaveral one night in the summer in the mid 60's. The whole sky lit up, I thought it was a missile test malfunction - not. Everyone got out ok though.

wp

[MtGun44]

As a Navy brat, I saw many fewer AF aircraft flying around as a kid. I had forgotten
how much smoke these old beasts put out on TO. A friend flew them in VN and he
is older than I am. That is a really long time for an aircraft to be in service. My father
flew Phantoms when they first came out and my younger brother flew them at the
end of their career. I have no doubt that somewhere there is a third gen Buff pilot
out there.
Put a bit of perspective on things: When the B-52 first when operational in 1955, it had
been only 52 years since the Wright brothers first flew. It is now 60 years farther down
stream and the B-52 is still a workhorse. That is amazing.

[PULSARNC]

Blacksmith , Never flew out of Seymour but remember Piedmont having a terminal at the base . CR Lewis dairy is near my house ,always a landmark from the flight line looking south

[472x1B/A]

I saw the first Buff land @ U-Tapao AB, Thailand, in late 1966 - along with about 50 news cameras lining the runway! It was light, having flown a mission from Guam, so it was in the extreme nose-down posture such requires. When I left in July '67, there were 70 D-models there...

I was at U-Tapao 73'-74'. They had increased revetments to 100 spots by the time I got there. There was over 1,000,000 gals. of JP-4 pumped per day then. Sorties started at 6:00 am and lasted till 11:00 most days, 3 Buff's and 2 K-C's, 3 Buff's/2 K-C's. Then returns started around 5-7 pm.. Sometimes the smoke would be so thick I couldn't see the other side of the runway for hours if there was no wind. Sweet menories.

[DougGuy]

I was an Air Force brat living just off Wright-Patt in Ohio in the sixties. I had to learn to sleep through 35 B52s and 13 KC135s taking off fully loaded about every 3rd night, they shook everything.

[TXGunNut]

My shooting buddy was wearing his "Buff" t-shirt today so we talked about the B-52. I believe he said he started out flying the "B" models in 1965 but they seemed pretty old to him at the time. He's pretty sure the ones he flew have all been scrapped or mothballed. I read 10-12 years ago that many F16's were older than their pilots.
Always wondered what the lifetime of a B52 was.

[MtGun44]

IIRC, all the ones flying now are H models built way late and then they
have had the skin on the fuselages peeled and replaced due to age.

Just verified only H models flying and they were built in 61 - 63. So the
individual airframes are "ONLY" 52-54 years old. ;-)

[minmax]

I thought you were talking the band. Remember "Rock Lobster" Ha Ha Ha .
:kidding:

But, seriously give credit to were it's due with the B-52

[willie_pete]

One of my jobs in the AF was fueling those airplanes at a dispersed base. IIRC a full fuel load was 45,000+ gallons and all we had were R-5 refuelers - 5000 gallon capacity. It took forever. Empty, you couldn't jump up and touch the wingtip; full you could almost bump into them.

wp

[woodbutcher]

:?: Has anyone here read the book"Flight of the old dog"? Just wondering if there is a "Skunk Works"anywhere that is doing some of that,OR is it all pure fantasy?Inquiering minds want to know.Great thread.Thanks for posting.
Good luck.Have fun.Be safe.
Leo

[fishhawk]

I thought that was "Flight of the old Buff" but could be wrong.

[Artful]

:?: Has anyone here read the book"Flight of the old dog"? Just wondering if there is a "Skunk Works"anywhere that is doing some of that,OR is it all pure fantasy?Inquiering minds want to know.Great thread.Thanks for posting.
Good luck.Have fun.Be safe.
Leo


Skunk Works® Origin Story
The Origin Story


In 1943, the U.S. Army’s Air Tactical Service Command (ATSC) met with Lockheed Aircraft Corporation to express its dire need for a jet fighter to counter a rapidly growing German jet threat.


One month later, a young engineer by the name of Clarence "Kelly" L. Johnson and his team of young engineers hand delivered the XP-80 Shooting Star jet fighter proposal to the ATSC. Quickly the go-ahead was given for Lockheed to start development on the United States' first jet fighter effort. It was June of 1943 and this project marked the birth of what would become the Skunk Works® with Kelly Johnson at its helm.


The formal contract for the XP-80 did not arrive at Lockheed until October 16, 1943; four months after work had already begun. This would prove to be a common practice within the Skunk Works. Many times a customer would come to the Skunk Works with a request, and on a handshake the project would begin, no contracts in place, no official submittal process.
Kelly Johnson and his team designed and built the XP-80 in only 143 days, seven less than was required.
What allowed Kelly to operate the Skunk Works so effectively and efficiently was his unconventional organizational approach. He broke the rules, challenging the current bureaucratic system that stifled innovation and hindered progress. His philosophy is spelled out in his "14 rules and practices (http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/aeronautics/skunkworks/14rules.html)."


How the Skunk Works® Got Its Name
It was the wartime year of 1943 when Kelly Johnson brought together a hand-picked team of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation engineers and manufacturing people to rapidly and secretly complete the XP-80 project. Because the war effort was in full swing there was no space available at the Lockheed facility for Johnson’s effort. Consequently, Johnson's organization operated out of a rented circus tent next to a manufacturing plant that produced a strong odor, which permeated the tent.


Each member of Johnson’s team was cautioned that design and production of the new XP-80 must be carried out in strict secrecy. No one was to discuss the project outside the small organization, and team members were even warned to be careful how they answered the phones.


A team engineer named Irv Culver was a fan of Al Capp's newspaper comic strip, "Li'l Abner," in which there was a running joke about a mysterious and malodorous place deep in the forest called the "Skonk Works." There, a strong beverage was brewed from skunks, old shoes and other strange ingredients.


One day, Culver's phone rang and he answered it by saying "Skonk Works, inside man Culver speaking." Fellow employees quickly adopted the name for their mysterious division of Lockheed. "Skonk Works" became "Skunk Works."


The once informal nickname is now the registered trademark (http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/aeronautics/skunkworks/legal-notice-skunkworks.html) of the company: Skunk Works®.








http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/aeronautics/skunkworks.html

DEFINING THE FUTURE OF AEROSPACE

The Skunk Works of today is focused on the critical aircraft for tomorrow. Advanced technology solutions for manned and unmanned systems draw on our world-class capabilities in conceptual design, systems engineering and integration, complex project management, software development and rapid prototyping. These core capabilities tie to the foundation of the Skunk Works where founder Kelly Johnson’s (http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/100years/stories/johnson.html) mantra, “quick, quiet and quality,” guides each and every project from concept to flight.

As we look to the future, we see a global landscape that is rapidly evolving. By focusing on our core capabilities, we will continue innovating to provide our customers with cutting technology in the following areas


https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PLqa9423Jd9MoFhb4B6crNz-shr6yIE7eh&v=pmeQ0T4VyeU

[stormingnorm]

Jet noise bomber or fighter. The sound of freedom. A bumper sticker I saw while stationed at CBC Gulfport Miss. Miss Air Nat Guard and Kessler AFB right next door. No whiners about jet noise there. Not like here in Socal where whiners abound.

[TXGunNut]

Great links, Artful. We actually studied the Skunk Works as a business model in school. They truly knew how to do more with less and the secrecy aspect actually helped with that.